Define temperature stress.

 Temperature stress refers to the mechanical stress or strain induced in a material due to changes in temperature. When a material is subjected to temperature variations, it expands or contracts, leading to internal stresses within the material. These stresses arise from the differential expansion or contraction of different parts of the material.

This equation shows that the thermal stress is directly proportional to the coefficient of thermal expansion, the change in temperature, and the modulus of elasticity of the material. The direction of the thermal stress depends on the sign of the coefficient of thermal expansion (positive for expansion, negative for contraction).

Managing temperature stress is crucial in engineering and materials applications to prevent potential problems such as thermal fatigue, cracking, or failure of components. Design considerations and material selection must take into account the expected temperature variations and the response of materials to those changes.