which are called fluid ?

In physics and engineering, the term "fluid" refers to a substance that can flow and take the shape of its container. Fluids include both liquids and gases. Here's a brief explanation of each:

1. Liquids: Liquids are a form of fluid that have a definite volume but no fixed shape. They can flow and take the shape of the container they are placed in. Examples of liquids include water, oil, milk, and gasoline.
2. Gases: Gases are also considered fluids. Unlike liquids, gases do not have a definite volume or shape. They expand to fill the entire space available to them. Gases are highly compressible and can be easily compressed or expanded by changes in pressure and temperature. Examples of gases include air, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.

Both liquids and gases are classified as fluids because they exhibit the characteristic property of fluidity, which means they can flow and deform under the application of external forces.

 

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how does a fluid system work ?

 

A fluid system is a collection of interconnected components that are designed to transport and control the flow of fluids, such as liquids or gases. The basic principle behind a fluid system is the application of fluid mechanics, which involves the study of how fluids behave and interact with their surroundings.

Here are the key elements and principles involved in the functioning of a fluid system:

1.     Fluid Medium: The system operates with a specific fluid medium, which can be a liquid (e.g., water, oil) or a gas (e.g., air, nitrogen). The properties of the fluid, such as density, viscosity, and compressibility, influence the system's behavior.

2.     Source and Sink: A fluid system typically has a source that supplies the fluid and a sink that receives or removes the fluid. For example, in a hydraulic system, a pump is the source that pressurizes and supplies hydraulic fluid, and an actuator or a reservoir acts as the sink.

3.     Piping or Conduits: Fluids flow through a network of pipes, tubes, or conduits that connect various components of the system. These conduits guide the fluid from the source to the sink, often branching into different paths and connecting various devices, such as valves, pumps, and heat exchangers.

4.     Pressure and Flow Control: Fluid systems employ devices like valves, regulators, and flow meters to control the pressure and flow rate of the fluid. Valves can open or close to restrict or allow the flow, while regulators adjust the pressure to maintain desired levels. Flow meters measure the rate of fluid flow through a specific section of the system.

5.     Pumping or Compressing: To move fluids through the system, pumps or compressors are utilized. Pumps create pressure differentials, forcing liquids to move, while compressors increase the pressure of gases. These devices provide the energy required to overcome friction and other resistances within the system.

6.     Heat Exchange: Fluid systems may incorporate heat exchangers to transfer thermal energy between the fluid and the surroundings. This enables heating or cooling of the fluid as required, often achieved through the circulation of a heat-transfer fluid or by direct contact with heating elements.

7.     Control and Monitoring: Modern fluid systems incorporate various sensors, actuators, and control systems to regulate and monitor the system's performance. These components provide feedback, enabling adjustments to be made to maintain optimal operating conditions.

By utilizing these principles, fluid systems can be designed to perform various functions, such as transporting fluids, transmitting power, lubricating machinery, controlling processes, or exchanging heat. Examples of fluid systems include hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems, plumbing networks, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems, and many more.

 

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What are fluid systems examples?

Fluid systems are systems that involve the transportation, control, and manipulation of fluids (liquids or gases). Here are some examples of fluid systems:

1.      Plumbing Systems: Plumbing systems in buildings, houses, and industrial facilities are examples of fluid systems. These systems involve the distribution of water, gases, or other fluids for various purposes such as drinking, sanitation, heating, and cooling.

2.      Hydraulic Systems: Hydraulic systems use fluid (usually oil) to transmit power and control mechanical movements. They are commonly found in heavy machinery, industrial equipment, and vehicles. Examples include hydraulic lifts, excavators, hydraulic presses, and steering systems in automobiles.

3.      Pneumatic Systems: Pneumatic systems use compressed air or other gases to transmit power and control mechanical operations. They are often used in manufacturing, automation, and transportation industries. Examples include pneumatic tools, air brakes in vehicles, pneumatic actuators, and compressed air systems.

4.      Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems: HVAC systems are used for controlling temperature, humidity, and air quality in buildings. These systems involve the circulation of air, heating or cooling using fluids, and the exchange of heat between different spaces. They are commonly found in homes, offices, hospitals, and other commercial buildings.

5.      Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems: Fluid systems are extensively used in the transportation of oil, gas, and other petroleum products through pipelines. These systems involve pumping, monitoring, and controlling the flow of fluids over long distances. Examples include crude oil pipelines, natural gas pipelines, and refined product pipelines.

6.      Fire Protection Systems: Fire protection systems, such as sprinkler systems, use fluid (usually water) to suppress fires and protect buildings and occupants. These systems involve the distribution of water through pipes, valves, and sprinkler heads to control and extinguish fires.

7.      Aerospace and Aviation Systems: Fluid systems play a crucial role in aircraft and spacecraft operations. Examples include fuel systems for storing and delivering aviation fuel, hydraulic systems for operating control surfaces and landing gear, and pneumatic systems for various functions.

8.      Irrigation Systems: Irrigation systems involve the distribution of water to agricultural fields and gardens for crop or plant watering. These systems can be gravity-based, using channels and ditches, or they can use pumps and pipes to distribute water.

These are just a few examples of fluid systems. In general, any system that deals with the movement, control, or manipulation of fluids can be considered a fluid system.

 

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What is Fluid system ?

 A fluid system refers to a network of interconnected components designed to control, manipulate, and transport fluids. It involves the study of fluid mechanics, which deals with the behavior of fluids under various conditions. Fluids can include liquids, gases, or multiphase mixtures. Fluid systems are used in a wide range of industries and applications, such as engineering, manufacturing, transportation, and energy production.

The primary purpose of a fluid system is to manage the flow of fluids to achieve specific objectives. These objectives can include transmitting power, controlling machinery, cooling systems, fuel management, and many more. By understanding the principles and components of fluid systems, engineers and designers can develop efficient and reliable systems tailored to their intended applications.

Fluid mechanics forms the basis for understanding fluid systems. It encompasses principles such as pressure, flow, viscosity, and Bernoulli's principle. Pressure is the force exerted by a fluid on its surroundings and can be harnessed for various purposes. Flow refers to the movement of fluid through a system, and it can be controlled and manipulated using valves and pumps. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, and it affects the efficiency of fluid systems. Bernoulli's principle explains the relationship between pressure, velocity, and elevation in a fluid, which is crucial for understanding fluid flow and its effects.
Fluid systems consist of several components that work together to achieve their intended functions. Common components include pumps, valves, pipes, fittings, filters, heat exchangers, and reservoirs. Pumps are responsible for generating fluid flow by converting mechanical energy into fluid energy. Valves control the flow and pressure of fluids by opening or closing pathways. Pipes and fittings provide pathways for fluid transport, and they are designed to handle the specific characteristics of the fluid being transported. Filters remove contaminants from the fluid to ensure its cleanliness. Heat exchangers facilitate heat transfer between fluids, which is important in cooling and heating applications. Reservoirs store and supply fluid when needed.

Fluid systems can be categorized based on the type of fluid used and the application requirements. Hydraulic systems use liquid fluids like oil or water to transmit power and control machinery. Pneumatic systems employ compressed air or gases for power transmission and control. Cooling systems manage the flow of coolants to dissipate heat from equipment or processes. Fuel systems handle the storage, supply, and management of fuel for engines and combustion processes. Each type of fluid system has specific characteristics and components tailored to its particular application.

Fluid systems find applications in various industries. In manufacturing, they are used in machinery, robotics, and automation for power transmission, control, and actuation. Automotive industries rely on fluid systems for braking, suspension, steering, and transmission systems. Aerospace and aviation industries utilize fluid systems for fuel management, flight control, and hydraulic actuators. Energy production, both conventional and renewable, employs fluid systems in turbines, generators, and cooling systems. Medical equipment, such as anesthesia machines and blood analysis systems, also rely on fluid systems for precise control and fluid delivery.

In conclusion, a fluid system is a complex network of interconnected components designed to control, manipulate, and transport fluids. It encompasses the study of fluid mechanics and involves various principles and components. Fluid systems are essential in numerous industries and applications, playing a vital role in power transmission, control, cooling, and fuel management. Understanding fluid systems is crucial for designing efficient and reliable systems tailored to specific needs.

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HYDRAULIC RAM

The hydraulic ram is a pump which raises water without any external power for its operation. When large quantity of water is available at a small height a small quantity of water can be raised to a greater height with the help of hydraulic ram. It works on the principle of water hammer.

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What is pitot tube and objective ?

 PITOT TUBE

Objective - To measure the velocity of flow at different points in a pipe.

Aim - To find the coefficient of pitot tube. To find the point velocity at the center of a tube for different flow rates . To plot velocity profile across the cross section of pipe.

Introduction - It is a device used for measuring the velocity of flow at any point in a pipe. It is based on the principle that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero, there is increase in pressure due to the convection of the kinetic energy into pressure energy. The pitot tube consists of a capillary tube, bent at right angel. The lower end, which is bent through so, is directed in the upstream direction.

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Difference between Centrifugal & Reciprocation pump

Difference between Centrifugal & Reciprocating pump  

Centrifugal Pump

1. It can handle large quantity of water.

2. It is used for low viscous fluid.

3. Efficiency is low.

4. It is less costly.

5. They are lighter than reciprocating pumps.

6. These pumps required less maintenance.

Reciprocating pump

1.  It handle small quantity of water.

2. It is used for high viscous fluid.

3. Efficiency is high.

4. These are costly.

5. These require higher maintenance. 

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 Difference between Impulse & reaction turbine

Impulse turbine 

1. It consists of nozzles and moving blades.

2. It has constant blades channels area.

3. Less floor space is required.

4. Efficiency is less.

5. Required high head and small quantity of water.

6. Draft tube not used in impulse turbine.

Reaction turbine

1. It consists of fixed blades and moving nozzle.

2. It has varying blade channels area.

3. more floor space is required.

4. Efficiency is high.

5. Low head and high rate of flow.

6.Draft tube use in reaction turnine.

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FLUID MECHANICS INTRODUCTION

 Introduction - Fluid Mechanics is basically  a study of the :

1. Physical behaviour of fluids and fluid systems, and of the laws governing this behaviour.

2. action of forces on fluids and of the resulting flow pattern.

Fluid mechanics may be divided into three divisions :

1. Hydro-statics that studies the mechanics of fluid at absolute and relative rest: the fluid elements are free from shearing stresses/

2. Kinematics that deals with translation, rotation and deformation of fluid elements without considering the force and energy causing such a motion.

3. Dynamics that prescribes the relations between velocities and acceleration and the forces which are exerted by or upon the moving fluids.

Analysis of fluid problems is generally made by considering certain fundamental principles, concepts and laws such as the principles of conservation of mass, momentum and energy, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, equation state relating to fluid properties; Newton's law of viscosity and the restrictions caused by the presence of boundaries.

SOLID, Liquids and Gases 

Matter exists in two principle forms; solid and fluid. Fluid is further sub-divided into liquid and gas. Distinguishing features amongst these are :

1. Spacing and the latitude of the motion of molecules is large is in a gas small in a liquid and extremely small in solid. Accordingly the intermolecular bones are very weak in a gas. week in a liquid and very strong in a solid. It is due to these aspect that solid is very compact and rigid in form accomodates itself to the shape of its container, and gas fills up the whole of the vessel containing it.

2. For a given mass, the liquid have a definite volume irrespective of the size of the container. The variation of volume with temperature and pressure is insignificant. liquid occupies the vessel fully or partially depending on its mass, and that it forms a free surface with the atmosphere. The gas, however expands to fill any vessel in which it is contained and does not from any free surface. Accordingly, it may be stated ; "A solid has volume but no shape ; a gas has neither".

3. For all practical purposes, the liquid like solids can be regarded as incompressible. This means that pressure and temperature changes have practically no effect on their volume. The gases are, however, readily compressible fluids. They expend infinitely in the absence of pressure and contract easily under pressure. Never the less when density variation is small.

SIGNIFICANCE OF FLUID MECHANICS ;

1. Design of wide range of hydraulic structures (dams, canals, weirs etc.) and machinery (Pumps, turbines and fluid couplings).

2. Design of a complex network of pumping and pipelines for transporting liquids, flow of water through pipes and its distribution to domestic service lines.

3. Fluidic control devices, both pneumatic and hydraulic.

4. Design and analysis of gas turbines, rocket engines, conventional and supersonic aircrafts.

5. Power generation from conventional methods such as hydroelectric, steam and gas turbines, to a newer ones involving magneto fluid dynamics.

6. Methods and devices or the measurement of various parameters the pressure and velocity of a fluid at rest or in motion.

7. Study of man's environment in the subjects like metrology, oceanography and geology.

8. Human circulatory system flow of blood in veins and the pumping action of heart.

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ABSOLUTE ,GAUGE ,& VACUUM PRESSURE

ABSOLUTE ,GAUGE ,& VACUUM PRESSURE 

The pressure on a fluid is measured in two different systems . In one system it is measured above & absolute zero or complete vacuum and it is called the absolute pressure and in other system , pressure is measured above the atmospheric pressure and it is called gauge pressure . Thus

 1. Absolute Pressure - is defined as the pressure which it measured with reference to absolute vacuum pressure.

2. Gauge Pressure - is defined as the pressure which is measured with the help of pressure measuring instrument in which the atmospheric pressure is taken as datum . The atmospheric pressure on the scale is marked as zero .

3. Vacuum Pressure - is defined as the pressure below the atmospheric pressure .

The relation between the absolute pressure , gauge pressure , vacuum pressure are shown in mathematically ;
1. Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure
2. Vacuum pressure = Atmospheric pressure - Absolute pressure 

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BASIC CONCEPTS OF FLUID & FLUID MECHANICS

BASIC CONCEPTS OF FLUID & FLUID MECHANICS

Fluid - Fluid is a substance which offers no resistance to shear deformation and will continue to from when subjected to shear stresses . It doesn't have a definite shape.If change its shape due to shear force and is said to flow .
Fluid can be classified into liquid and gases .liquid have comparatively high mass density compressibility  as compared to those of gases. Liquids have one free surface while gases do any free surfaces.

Gas -  It Possessed no definite volume and is compressible .

Vapour -  It is a gas whose temperature and pressure are such that it is very near the liquid state .

Ideal fluid - An ideal fluid is one which has no viscosity and tension and is incompressible  

{ ideal fluid has no surface tension }
{ Ideal fluid are imaginary and do not exist in nature }

Real fluid -  A real fluid is one which has viscosity ,surface tension and compressibility in addition to the density .

liquid & there properties 
A liquid can be easily distinguished from a solid or a gas .
A solid has a definite shape .
A liquid takes the shape of vessel into which it is poured .
A gas completely fills the vessel which contains it .

The properties of water are of much importance because the subject of hydraulics is mainly concerned with it. Some important properties of water which will be considered are.
1. Density        2. Vapour pressure     3. Specific gravity         4. Viscosity          
5. Capillarity    6. Cohesion                7. Surface tension      


Types of fluid - 
There are types of fluid .
1. Ideal fluid .
2. Real fluid .
3. Newtonian fluid .
4. Non-Newtonian fluid .
5. Ideal plastic fluid .



Different types of head (or energies ) of a liquid in Motion -
There are three types of energies or heads of flowing liquids ;
1. Potential head or potential energy .
2. Velocity head or kinetic energy .
3. Pressure head or pressure energy .


Total head,    H= z+ v²/ 2g + p/w     m of liquid

Total energy ,  E= z+v²/2g +p/w  Nm/kg  of liquid .

Fluid Machines 

Hydraulic Coupling - is a device which is employed for transmission of power form one shaft to another though a liquid medium .It has no mechanical connection or face to face contact . The magnitudes of input and output torques are equal .

Uses of hydraulic coupling - Althrough a hydraulic or fluid coupling has a low valve of transmission efficiency when compared to mechanical coupling yet it is widely used in the following fields .

Automobiles , marine , ropeway .

Fluid pump -

A pump is contrivance which provides energy to a fluid system.it assists to increase the pressure energy or both of the fluid by converting the mechanical energy .

classification of pump 

on the basic of transfer of mechanical energy the pumps can be broadly classified as follow.

1. Rotodynamic pumps .

(i) Radial flow pumps (ii) Axial flow pumps

(iii) mixed flow pumps.

2. Positive displacement pumps.

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BUOYANCY

When a body is immersed in a fluid an upward force is exerted by the fluid,on the body. The upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and is called the forces of buoyancy or simple buoyancy.
   

CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
It is a defined as the point through which the force of buoyancy is supposed to act,As the force of buoyancy is a vertical force and is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.the center of buoyancy will be the centre of gravity of the fluid displaced .



META - CENTRE 

It is the defined as the point about which a body starts oscillating when the body is tilted by small angle .The meta-centre may also be defined as the point at which the line of action of force of buoyancy will meet the normal axis of the body when the body is given is small angular displacement .

META-CENTRIC HEIGHT
The distance between the meta-centre of a floating body and the centre of gravity of the body is called meta-centric height .

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