Smoke is a complex mixture of airborne particles, gases, and vapor that results from the incomplete combustion of organic materials. It consists primarily of carbon particles (soot), unburned hydrocarbons, and various chemical compounds, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gases such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
### Measurement of Smoke
The measurement of smoke can be approached through several principles, with two common methods being:
1. **Optical Measurement**:
- **Principle**: This method uses light scattering to quantify smoke concentration. As light passes through a smoke-laden environment, particles scatter the light. The degree of scattering is proportional to the concentration of smoke particles in the air.
- **Techniques**: Devices like nephelometers and transmissometers are used. Nephelometers measure the intensity of scattered light at specific angles, while transmissometers measure the reduction in light intensity as it passes through a smoke sample.
2. **Gravimetric Measurement**:
- **Principle**: This method involves collecting smoke particles on a filter and measuring the mass of the collected particles. The mass per unit volume can then be used to determine the concentration of smoke.
- **Process**: Air is drawn through a filter over a set period, and the weight of the filter before and after collection is compared to determine the mass of smoke particles.
### Applications
Smoke measurement is critical in various fields, including environmental monitoring, indoor air quality assessment, and industrial emissions testing. It helps in understanding air quality, health impacts, and regulatory compliance.
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