High Hardness and Strength in Compression: Ceramics are extremely hard and resist deformation, especially under compressive loads. However, they typically have low tensile strength and poor impact resistance due to their brittleness.
Brittleness: They are generally brittle, which means they tend to fracture without significant plastic deformation or warning.
Thermal Stability and Refractoriness: Ceramics have very high melting points and can withstand high temperatures without melting or deforming, making them suitable for refractory applications.
Low Thermal Expansion: They exhibit low coefficients of thermal expansion, which helps them maintain dimensional stability under temperature changes.
Good Chemical Resistance: Ceramics are chemically inert and resist corrosion and oxidation; they can withstand harsh chemical environments.
Electrical Insulation: Most ceramics are excellent electrical insulators, though some advanced ceramics can be semiconductors or conduct electricity under specific conditions.
Poor Thermal Shock Resistance: Due to their brittleness and low ductility, ceramics are sensitive to rapid temperature changes, making them prone to cracking under thermal shock.
Low Ductility and Toughness: Ceramics do not deform plastically under load, which contributes to their brittleness and limited toughness.
Additional Characteristics
Often opaque and nonmagnetic
Medium machinability; some ceramics require specialized tooling
High wear resistance
Lightweight compared to metals with similar strength
These properties make ceramics invaluable in applications requiring hardness, heat resistance, wear resistance, and chemical stability, such as in electronics, aerospace, medical devices, and protective coatings
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